Why dark spots show up, and why they're stubborn.
Pigmentation forms when skin overproduces melanin in response to sun, inflammation or old breakouts. Once those dark cells settle in, they sit deeper in the skin than surface dirt or oil, which is why a regular face wash was never going to shift them.
What actually helps is consistent brightening actives paired with sun protection. Haridra (turmeric) slows new pigment formation and calms inflammation. Sandalwood cools and evens tone over time. Neither works overnight, both work with regular use.